
Democrats secured control of Congress as the midterm election results became clear on 4 November, regaining the Senate and passing the 218-seat majority mark in the House of Representatives. For the first time since 1988, Texas elected a Democratic senator, while Kansas broke a record that had stood since 1932.
Global oil markets responded steeply on the day. Brent’s January contract slid by as much as 10% intraday, reaching a two-month trough of $93.22 before closing at $94.62, lower by approximately 8.7%. WTI’s December contract reached a trough of $87.13 and closed at $88.12, losing 8.3%. Across the opening three trading sessions of the week, global oil prices had declined by more than 17%.
The catalyst behind the sell-off was evident: Vice President Vance attributed the Republican electoral defeat to the US–Iran war, leading markets to wager that the Trump administration would be compelled to seek a diplomatic settlement. With Democrats commanding Congress, they secured stronger political leverage to press the White House. Alongside this, Qatari mediators were travelling between Tehran and Doha, while both the United States and Iran examined a fresh proposal put forward by the mediators. Trump himself also publicly declared that “Iran wants to reach a settlement as soon as possible.”
Interpreting this slump means distinguishing two ideas that market sentiment has merged into one: a greater likelihood of the war ending and a rebound in oil supply are not the same development.
Ahead of November 4, the geopolitical risk premium built into oil prices captured the continuing disruption to the Strait of Hormuz and supply disruptions in the Persian Gulf. Brent gained 14% in October and finished the month at a six-month peak, underscoring fears that the conflict could intensify after the elections. In a November 1 research report, Goldman Sachs specifically observed that markets were factoring in the prospect of an escalation in the US–Iran conflict following the November 3 elections.

After the election results were confirmed, the tail risk of escalation was eliminated and superseded by expectations that the war might finish earlier. The direction of the risk premium flipped overnight. Immediately before the slump, Goldman Sachs had lifted its December Brent projection from $90 to $105, pointing to the prospect of a disruption of one million barrels per day in global supply. That projection looked increasingly isolated following November 4, yet it underscored a reality masked by the sell-off: the structural supply restrictions pushing oil prices upwards had seen no physical change as a result of the election outcome.
Oil prices may drop 9% in a single session on political developments, but the same headlines cannot return tanker movements through the strait to pre-war volumes overnight. A November 3 report by Breakwave Advisors presented the clearest numbers: flows through the Strait of Hormuz averaged roughly 11.7 million barrels per day during October, rising from 9.8 million in September, yet remaining below the pre-war figure of 14.5 million. Transit figures reported by Sina Finance indicated that the 10-day moving average of vessel movements through the strait had declined to roughly 20 vessels per day, substantially below the 25–27 seen in early October and the pre-war figure of 100–120.
Figures for early November weakened further. AIS tracking data indicated that vessel passages through the strait slumped from 25 on October 31 to only three on November 1, after mine blasts and armed assaults on merchant vessels. Other industry figures showed that oil exports over recent days had attained only 45% of their pre-conflict volume.
Structural bottlenecks in the tanker market also remained unaddressed. Middle Eastern VLCC tonne-miles remained at levels 34% below 2025 figures, while tonne-days stood 24% below pre-war levels. Approximately 80 VLCCs continued to run shuttle operations in the Gulf of Oman, with average round-trip voyages stretching to 23 days, against an otherwise optimal nine to ten days. Shipowners remained reluctant to take charters requiring entry into the Gulf, effectively restricting available shipping capacity.
These numbers lead to the same assessment: transit capacity through the strait recovered during October, but much too gradually to warrant pricing in a return to normal supply. The November 4 slump captured expectations of a future supply rebound, rather than the reality of supply having already normalised.
US–Iran talks are certainly progressing, but the scale of that advance needs to be assessed carefully. On November 3, a spokesperson for Qatar’s foreign ministry reported that “significant progress” had been achieved in discussions between the two sides and that “both the United States and Iran remain committed to the mediation process and are carefully studying and reviewing the proposals put forward by the mediators.” This represented the most upbeat public wording used to date.
Nevertheless, the principal barriers to an agreement persisted. Iran had earlier presented a plan with seven conditions. The central trade-off was simple: the United States would end its blockade of Iranian ports, pause sanctions on Iranian oil sales and withdraw newly introduced sanctions; in exchange, Iran would reopen the Strait of Hormuz. Trump dismissed that proposal. Iran later received a US reply via Qatar, but its detailed contents were not revealed.
Iran’s latest “two-day plan” condensed the seven-step proposal into a two-day schedule. On the opening day, the United States would remove the blockade and pause oil sanctions. On the second, Iran would reopen the strait and resume shipping, followed by additional talks on other matters. The key characteristic of this framework is that US action must come first: Iran would move only after the United States had acted first. Whether the Trump administration agrees to this “pay first, receive delivery later” framework is the key factor determining whether talks can deliver a breakthrough.
At the same time, military activity has persisted. Reports suggested that US forces struck Qeshm Island near the Strait of Hormuz, with Washington characterising the operation as a “defensive” response to Iranian assaults on merchant vessels. According to Axios, Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu held discussions with Trump before the elections and pressed him to attack Iran immediately after the midterms, whereas Trump favoured allowing diplomacy to continue for more time. Talks and military pressure are advancing in parallel, yet this condition of “fighting while negotiating” itself indicates that the tail risk of supply disruptions has not been entirely removed.
At its November 1 meeting, the group agreed that seven core oil-producing nations would retain their existing output in December, unchanged from the levels established for September through November. This was the third successive decision by OPEC+ to leave the next month’s output targets unaltered. Major producers had raised production every month from April through September before halting those increases in October. The next meeting is set for November 29.
This implies that while oil prices were slumping on political expectations, there was no extra supply to account for or justify the magnitude of the fall. OPEC+ had not raised output, traffic through the strait had not reverted to normal, and supply restrictions in the Persian Gulf had not been removed. The decline in oil prices stemmed wholly from shifting expectations on the demand side: markets were reassessing the likelihood that oil supplies could become more plentiful in the future.
Breakwave’s report provided an appraisal of this pricing logic worth noting: even if the United States and Iran secured a diplomatic accord, a substantial downward price adjustment would remain unlikely, considering the historically “short-lived” character of such agreements. Exceptionally low global stockpiles have removed the supply buffer that was available before the conflict, leaving the market particularly exposed to disruptions. Until stockpiles are sufficiently replenished, the risk premium will remain.
Politically, the appetite for ending the war is growing. With command of Congress, Democrats now possess instruments including subpoenas, hearings and budget oversight to press the White House. Vance’s choice to pin the electoral defeat on the war was itself a message: the war was no longer a political advantage. Trump’s public assertion that “Iran wants a deal” also departed from the position he adopted when dismissing Iran’s previous proposal.
Militarily, Israel’s stance remains an independent factor. Ahead of the elections, Netanyahu pressed Trump to attack Iran immediately after the vote. There is friction between Israel’s security goals and the Trump administration’s wish to disengage itself through an agreement. If Israel opts to escalate unilaterally during the negotiating window, supply disruptions through the strait could resurface in a different form.
In physical terms, restoration requires time, and time itself represents a risk. Even if an accord is signed in the coming weeks, returning traffic through the strait to pre-war volumes, replenishing global stockpiles from exceptionally low levels and reviving shipowners’ readiness to enter the Gulf would require months rather than days. In June, Morgan Stanley projected that 80% of Middle Eastern production capacity might not be restored until December, with the market moving back into surplus in 2027. That schedule now needs reassessment, yet the direction remains clear: the physical restoration of supply trails political signals, whereas oil prices on November 4 were factoring in those political signals.
The November 4 slump represented a rapid recalibration of expectations. The midterm election outcome eliminated the tail risk of “war escalation” and provided political impetus towards “an earlier end to the war.” Markets reflected that change through a single-day fall of more than 8%. However, the trade depends on an assumption that has yet to be validated: political will can translate into an implementable agreement, and that accord can become effective before supply disruptions inflict irreversible damage. October flows of 11.7 million barrels per day through Hormuz, daily vessel passages slumping to only three in early November, capacity restrictions arising from shipowners’ unwillingness to enter the Gulf, OPEC+’s decision to keep production unchanged, and the depletion of the global inventory cushion: none of these physical conditions altered as a result of the election outcome.
For oil prices, the next move hinges on when markets separate “talks to end the war” from “an end to supply disruptions.” On the political question of whether the war will end, the answer is shifting towards “yes.” Yet until an agreement is signed and tanker flows through the strait regain pre-war volumes, the 4 November fall appears to reflect a concentrated unwinding of the risk premium rather than confirmation of a trend.