
A 0.5% gain takes Dow Jones futures to around 53,770 in Thursday’s European trading. By contrast, S&P 500 futures slip 0.05% to around 7,720, while Nasdaq 100 futures fall 0.69% to approximately 28,360.

Continued selling pressure on technology shares left US equity futures mixed. Following the Democrats’ decisive US midterm election victory, concerns about potentially stringent data centre regulations weighed on the sector and encouraged investors to shift capital into other parts of the market. Oil prices also fell sharply after the Democratic sweep, as investors hoped for a resolution to the continuing conflict in the Middle East.
An October increase of 86,000 in US private-sector employment, reported by ADP, exceeded the forecast of 69,000 despite a modest downward revision to September’s figures. The release helped clarify conditions in the domestic labour market, while the ISM Services PMI offered further insight into the services sector. At 54.5, the PMI was marginally below expectations but continued to signal steady growth. Against this economic backdrop, financial markets increasingly expect monetary policy to tighten: the CME FedWatch Tool puts the probability of a December Federal Reserve rate rise at nearly 82%.
Consumer discretionary, financial and property shares led sizeable gains across the main US indices in Wednesday’s regular session, with energy and industrial stocks trailing. A rise of 1,569 points, or 3.03%, took the Dow Jones Industrial Average to a two-month high. The S&P 500 gained 1.58%, while the Nasdaq Composite rose 1.44%. Attention now turns to earnings releases from companies including ConocoPhillips, Kimberly-Clark and Airbnb. Investors are also watching forthcoming labour market figures, with initial jobless claims due on Thursday and the nonfarm payrolls report on Friday.
With the “2026 midterms” already influencing market behaviour, Deutsche Bank strategists say the familiar pattern surrounding US elections is playing out again. Their observation that “yesterday the S&P 500 (+1.58%) posted its best day in three months, whilst bond yields fell sharply around the world,” highlights the support for risk appetite from receding political uncertainty and the recent series of strong US economic releases.
Among the world’s oldest stock market indices, the Dow Jones Industrial Average comprises the 30 most actively traded US shares. Rather than using market capitalisation to determine weightings, it weights constituents by share price. Its value is calculated by adding together constituent share prices and dividing the total by a factor, currently 0.152. Charles Dow, who also founded the Wall Street Journal, established the index. Critics in later years have questioned how representative it is: unlike broader benchmarks such as the S&P 500, it follows only 30 conglomerates.
The combined performance of its constituent businesses, as disclosed in quarterly earnings reports, is the principal driver of the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA). Other influences include US and international macroeconomic releases, which shape investor sentiment. Interest rates set by the Federal Reserve (Fed) also matter, since they determine borrowing costs for the many companies that depend heavily on credit. Inflation, alongside other indicators that inform Fed decisions, can therefore have a significant effect on the index.
Developed by Charles Dow, Dow Theory provides a framework for identifying the stock market’s primary trend. Central to the approach is a comparison between the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) and the Dow Jones Transportation Average (DJTA): a trend is followed only when both indices move in the same direction. Trading volume provides confirmation, and the method also incorporates analysis of peaks and troughs. Dow’s theory describes three phases within a trend. Accumulation begins when smart money starts buying or selling; public participation follows as the wider public joins the move; and distribution occurs when smart money withdraws.
Investors can gain exposure to the DJIA through several instruments. ETFs offer a way to trade it as one security without purchasing shares in each of its 30 constituent companies; the SPDR Dow Jones Industrial Average ETF (DIA) is a leading example. Futures contracts allow traders to speculate on the index’s future value. Options, by contrast, confer the right, without any obligation, to buy or sell the index at a predetermined price at a future date. Through mutual funds, investors can purchase a share of a diversified portfolio of DJIA stocks, gaining exposure to the index as a whole.